{"id":33,"date":"2017-07-17T19:31:51","date_gmt":"2017-07-17T19:31:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/oceaninfo\/cms\/?page_id=33"},"modified":"2022-04-14T20:52:53","modified_gmt":"2022-04-14T20:52:53","slug":"methodology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/oceaninfo\/methodology\/","title":{"rendered":"Methodology"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Accuracy:<\/strong><br>This website links to many other sites. Some of those sites might update their information while others might not. We do not have the resources to check these links regularly, but readers are encouraged to contact us if they believe a link is no longer current or accurate.<\/li><li><strong>Unbiased Information:<\/strong><br>We are providing this information as a public resource; we do not take a position on or endorse any of the information or organizations to which we have linked.<\/li><li><strong>Errors:<\/strong><br>When we find or are notified about errors on our website, we will normally work to correct them within four business days.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\">Site Definitions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>I. <a href=\"#coral\">Coral Reef<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>II. <a href=\"#fishery\">Fishery<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>III. <a href=\"#height\">Height<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>IV. <a href=\"#ocean\">Ocean<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>V. <a href=\"#current\">Ocean Current<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>VI. <a href=\"#pollution\">Pollution<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>VII. <a href=\"#salinity\">Salinity<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>VIII. <a href=\"#temp\">Sea Surface Temperature<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-heading\" id=\"coral\">I. Coral Reef<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>&#8220;A reef composed mainly of coral and other organic matter of which parts have solidified into limestone.&#8221;&nbsp;<em>Dictionary.com, &#8220;Coral Reef,&#8221; dictionary.com (accessed April 13, 2022)<\/em><\/li><li>&#8220;A wave-resistant structure resulting from cementation processes and the skeletal construction of hermatypic corals, calcareous algae, and other calcium carbonate-secreting organisms.&#8221; <em>National Oceanic and Atmospheric&nbsp;Administration, &#8220;Coral Reef Information System,&#8221; coris.noaa.gov, April 11, 2022<\/em><\/li><li>&#8220;Coral reef, ridge or hummock formed in shallow ocean areas by algae and the calcareous skeletons of certain coelenterates, of which coral polyps are the most important. A coral reef may grow into a permanent coral island. Often called the &#8220;rainforests of the sea,&#8221; coral reefs are home to a spectacular variety of organisms.&#8221;&nbsp;<em>Britannica, &#8220;Coral Reef,&#8221; britannica.com (accessed April 13, 2022)<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-heading\" id=\"fishery\">II. Fishery<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>&#8220;A place where fish are bred; fish hatchery.&#8221; <em>Dictionary.com (accessed April 13, 2022)<\/em><\/li><li>&#8220;Refers to the activities involved in catching a species of fish or shellfish, or a group of species that share the same habitat. Different types of fisheries include:<ul><li>Commercial fisheries refer to the whole process of catching and marketing fish and shellfish for sale. Commercial fisheries include fishery resources, fishermen, and related businesses. Commercial fisheries can include artisanal fisheries, which are based on traditional or small-scale gear and boats. They can also include industrial fisheries for species not directly used for human food (e.g., Atlantic menhaden used for omega-3 supplements, pet food, and other products).<\/li><li>In a subsistence fishery, the catch is shared and consumed directly by the families and kin of the fishermen, rather than being sold at the next larger market.<\/li><li>Last but not least are recreational fisheries in which fishermen catch fish for personal use, pleasure, or competition.&#8221; <em>National Oceanic and Atmospheric&nbsp;Administration, &#8220;FishWatch,&#8221; fishwatch.gov (accessed July 27, 2015)<\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Harvesting of fish, shellfish, and sea mammals as a commercial enterprise, or the location or season of commercial fishing. Fisheries range from small family operations relying on traditional fishing methods to large corporations using large fleets and the most advanced technology. <em>Britannica, &#8220;Fishery,&#8221; britannica.com (accessed April 13, 2022)<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-heading\" id=\"height\">III. Height<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>&#8220;Ocean surface topography is the height of the ocean surface relative to a level of no motion defined by the geoid, a surface of constant geopotential, and provides information on tides, circulation, and the distribution of heat and mass in the Earth&#8217;s global ocean.&#8221; <em>NASA, &#8220;Ocean Surface Topography,&#8221; podaac.jpl.nasa.gov (accessed April 13, 2022)<\/em><\/li><li>&#8220;Sea level is defined as the height of the sea surface above an equipotential surface, called the geoid. The geoid is where the sea surface would come to rest in the absence of tides, water density variations, currents, and atmospheric effects. If the oceans did not move and there were no tides or wind, the sea surface and geoid would be the same surface.&#8221; <em>Encyclopedia.com, &#8220;Sea Level,&#8221; encyclopedia.com, June 27, 2018<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-heading\" id=\"ocean\">IV. Ocean<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>&#8220;While there is only one global ocean, the vast body of water that covers 71 percent of the Earth is geographically divided into distinct named regions. \u2026 Historically, there are four named oceans: the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic. However, most countries &#8211; including the United States &#8211; now recognize the Southern (Antarctic) as the fifth ocean. The Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian are known as the three major oceans.&#8221; <em>National Oceanic and Atmospheric&nbsp;Administration, &#8220;How Many Oceans Are There?,&#8221; oceanservice.noaa.gov (accessed April 13, 2022)<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-heading\" id=\"current\">V. Ocean Current<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>&#8220;A horizontal flow of water through the ocean. Warm and cold surface currents redistribute the Sun&#8217;s heat more evenly around the Earth.&#8221; <em>TheFreeDictionary.com, &#8220;Ocean Current,&#8221; thefreedictionary.com (accessed April 13, 2022)<\/em><\/li><li>\u201cDriven by wind, water density differences, and tides. Oceanic currents describe the movement of water from one location to another. Currents are generally measured in meters per second or in knots (1 knot = 1.85 kilometers per hour or 1.15 miles per hour). Oceanic currents are driven by three main factors:<ul><li>The rise and fall of the tides. Tides create a current in the oceans, which are strongest near the shore, and in bays and estuaries along the coast. These are called &#8216;tidal currents.&#8217; Tidal currents change in a very regular pattern and can be predicted for future dates. In some locations, strong tidal currents can travel at seppeds of eight knots or more.<\/li><li>Wind. Winds drive currents that are at or near the ocean&#8217;s surface. Near coastal areas winds tend to drive currents on a localized scale and can result in phenomena like coastal upwelling. On a more global scale, in the open ocean, winds drive currents that circulate water for thousands of miles throughout the ocean basins.<\/li><li>Thermohaline circulation. This is a process driven by density differences in water due to temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline) variations in different parts of the ocean. Currents driven by thermohaline circulation occur at both deep and shallow ocean levels and move much slower than tidal or surface currents.<\/li><li>Currents affect the Earth&#8217;s climate by driving warm water from the Equator and cold water from the poles around the Earth. The warm Gulf Stream, for instance, brings milder winter weather to Bergen, Norway, than to New York, much further south.&#8221; <em>National Oceanic and Atmospheric&nbsp;Administration, &#8220;What Is a Current?,&#8221; oceanservice.noaa.gov, February 26, 2021<\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>&#8220;Stream made up of horizontal and vertical components of the circulation system of ocean waters that is produced by gravity, wind friction, and water density variation in different parts of the ocean. Ocean currents are similar to winds in the atmosphere in that they transfer significant amounts of heat from Earth&#8217;s equatorial areas to the poles and thus play important roles in determining the climates of coastal regions. In addition, ocean currents and atmospheric circulation influence one another. <em>Britannica, &#8220;Ocean Current,&#8221; britannica.com (accessed April 13, 2022)<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-heading\" id=\"pollution\">VI. Pollution<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>&#8220;Pollution refers to the contamination of water, land, or the air by substances that can adversly impact the environment and human health. Usually, these substances are waste materials. The word pollution is derived from the Latin term polluere, which means to soil or defile. Examples of modern-day pollution include oil spills, smog, and even noise.&#8221; <em>National Oceanic and Atmospheric&nbsp;Administration, &#8220;Nonpoint Source Pollution,&#8221; oceanservice.noaa.gov (accessed April 13, 2022)<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-heading\" id=\"salinity\">VII. Salinity<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>&#8220;The amount of dissolved salts that are present in water. Sodium and chloride are the predominant ions in seawater, and the concentrations of magnesium, calcium, and sulfate ions are also substantial.&#8221;&nbsp;<em>Britannica, &#8220;Salinity,&#8221; britannica.com (accessed April 13, 2022)<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-heading\" id=\"temp\">VIII. Sea Surface Temperature<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>&#8220;Sea Surface Temperature (sst) is a measure of the energy due to the motion of molecules at the top layer of the ocean.&#8221; <em>NASA, &#8220;Ocean Temperature,&#8221; podaac.jpl.nasa.gov (accessed April 13, 2022)<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Accuracy:This website links to many other sites. Some of those sites might update their information while others might not. We do not have the resources to check these links regularly, but readers are encouraged to contact us if they believe a link is no longer current or accurate. Unbiased Information:We are providing this information as [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/oceaninfo\/methodology\/\">Read More&#8230;<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> from Methodology<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-33","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":38,"url":"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/oceaninfo\/disclaimer\/","url_meta":{"origin":33,"position":0},"title":"Disclaimer","author":"NF0admin","date":"July 17, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"Many of the links on this site, of which we know little about, will go to websites that regularly update their information, but many will not.Regarding the accuracy of the sites to which we show links, please note that OceanInfo.org: 1. Has no opinion and does not endorse the information\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":60,"url":"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/oceaninfo\/other\/","url_meta":{"origin":33,"position":1},"title":"Other","author":"NF0admin","date":"July 17, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"I. BeachesII. Floats and Conditions I. Beaches Beach Information Global: Global beach WebCams and forecasts\u00a0-\u00a0Surfline UK: Includes links to UK area \"Good Beach Guide\" and \"Good Fish Guide\"\u00a0-\u00a0Marine Conservation Society MCS US: Historical reports on water quality of US beaches\u00a0-\u00a0Natural Resources Defense Council US: Beaches and general information\u00a0-\u00a0EPA US -\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6,"url":"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/oceaninfo\/","url_meta":{"origin":33,"position":2},"title":"Ocean Info: Aggregated Information on Our Oceans","author":"NF0admin","date":"February 26, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"The ocean-related information on this site is divided into the following categories: Global and Regional Water TemperaturesCoral Reefs and Marine SanctuariesCurrents and TidesGlobal and Regional Water SalinityGlobal Water HeightOxygen in the OceanOcean Pollution and Noise PollutionFisheries and Marine LifeBeach Information and Floats and Conditions We believe the oceans are vitally\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":51,"url":"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/oceaninfo\/fisheries-and-marine-life\/","url_meta":{"origin":33,"position":3},"title":"Fisheries and Marine Life","author":"NF0admin","date":"July 17, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"I. Global Fisheries II. Regional Fisheries III. Marine Life I. Global Fisheries Atlantic Salmon Federation - International nonprofit dedicated to wild Atlantic salmon. Jean-Michel Cousteau' Ocean Futures Society\u00a0- Organization \"committed to educating the public on marine conservation and finding sustainable solutions to protect our ocean planet.\" Ocean Conservancy - \"5\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":54,"url":"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/oceaninfo\/pollution\/","url_meta":{"origin":33,"position":4},"title":"Pollution","author":"NF0admin","date":"July 17, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"I. Ocean PollutionII. Ocean Noise Pollution I. Ocean Pollution Algalita - US-based nonprofit dedicated to the issue of ocean plastic pollution. Beach Environmental Awareness Campaign Hawai'i (B.E.A.C.H.) - US-based nonprofit bringing \"awareness and solutions to the\u00a0problem of marine debris on Hawai'i's beaches.\" Blue Ocean Society for Marine Conservation - US-based\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":58,"url":"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/oceaninfo\/coral-reefs\/","url_meta":{"origin":33,"position":5},"title":"Coral Reefs","author":"NF0admin","date":"July 17, 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"I. Coral ReefsII. Marine Sanctuaries I. Coral Reefs Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL) - Nonprofit to protect coral reefs, among its mission is to ensure sustainable fisheries to sustain healthy reef ecosystems. Global Coral Reef Alliance (GCRA) - US-based nonprofit coalition with a page on \"Reef Issues.\" Global Coral Reef Monitoring\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/oceaninfo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/33","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/oceaninfo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/oceaninfo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/oceaninfo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/oceaninfo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/oceaninfo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/33\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":564,"href":"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/oceaninfo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/33\/revisions\/564"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/oceaninfo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}