{"id":7331,"date":"2022-06-21T00:59:57","date_gmt":"2022-06-21T00:59:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/?page_id=7331"},"modified":"2022-06-28T18:24:10","modified_gmt":"2022-06-28T18:24:10","slug":"ballot-harvesting","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/ballot-harvesting\/","title":{"rendered":"Mail-In Ballot Collection (aka Ballot Harvesting)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em><sup>Last updated June 2022<\/sup><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column topicbox has-amf-tan-to-tan-accent-gradient-background has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center topiclist wp-block-heading\">Quick Facts:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"topiclist wp-block-list\"><li><strong>&#8220;Ballot harvesting&#8221; refers to the collection of completed absentee or mail-in ballots by a person or group who return the ballots<\/strong> <strong>on behalf of the voters.<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>At the time of the 2020 election, 36 states and DC allowed some form of ballot collection<\/strong>: <strong>In 25 states and DC, anyone could return a ballot for a voter; in 11 states, only certain people such as a family member or caregiver could perform the task.<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>The movie <em>2000 Mules<\/em> alleged that there was illegal ballot harvesting in Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, states won by Joe Biden.<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Nonpartisan fact checkers have disputed the movie&#8217;s claims based on the evidence presented. <\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Several states have introduced legislation related to ballot collection. In 2021, the Supreme Court upheld an Arizona law banning third-party ballot collection in a 6-3 ruling.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/ballot-drop-box.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7445\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/ballot-drop-box.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/ballot-drop-box-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/ballot-drop-box-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><figcaption>Ringo Chiu\/Shutterstock.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"2020\"><strong>Table of Contents<\/strong><br>I. <a href=\"#definition\">What Is Ballot Harvesting?<\/a><br>II. <a href=\"#allegations\">Allegations of Illegal Ballot Harvesting in 2020<\/a><br>III. <a href=\"#laws\">Election Results and Drop Box Laws in Five States<\/a><br>IV. <a href=\"#legislation\">Ballot Collection Legislation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"definition\">I. What Is Ballot Harvesting?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;Ballot harvesting&#8221; refers to the collection of completed absentee or mail-in ballots by third parties who return the ballots to an elections office or drop-box on behalf of the voter. This is often done by political organizers or volunteers, and sometimes by a friend or family member of the voter.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">US Election Assistance Commission, &#8220;Glossary of Election Terminology,&#8221; eac.gov, July 16, 2021<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Luis Gomez, &#8220;What Is \u2018Ballot Harvesting\u2019 and How Was It Used in California Elections?&#8221; sandiegouniontribune.com, December 4, 2018<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Other terms include third-party ballot collection or community ballot collection.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Democracy Docket, &#8220;The Vilification of Community Ballot Collection, deomocracydocket.com, April 26, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Election experts say the term &#8220;ballot harvesting&#8221; came into use as a partisan term intended to disparage the practice of collecting mail-in ballots, and neutral sources therefore prefer &#8220;ballot collection.&#8221;<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Amber Phillips, \u201cWhat Is Ballot \u2018Harvesting,\u2019 and Why Is Trump So Against It?,\u201d washingtonpost.com, May 26, 2020<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> The University of Washington&#8217;s Center for an Informed Public notes that &#8220;harvesting&#8221; has become normalized by media coverage, but some still object to its use.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Mike Caulfield, Kayla Duskin, Stephen Prochaska, Scott Philips Johnson, Annie Denton, Zarine Kharazian, and Kate Starbird, \u201cThe Rise of \u201cTrafficking\u201d Language in Ballot Collection&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_5');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Amy Sherman, \u201cWhat Is Ballot Harvesting, and Why Is Trump Tweeting About It During an Election-year Pandemic?,\u201d politifact.com, May 29, 2020<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> The US Election Assistance Commission included &#8220;ballot harvesting&#8221; in its Glossary of Election Terminology published in July 2021.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">US Election Assistance Commission, &#8220;Glossary of Election Terminology,&#8221; eac.gov, July 16, 2021<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The legality of ballot collection varies by state. At the time of the 2020 election, all states allowed some form of voting by mail<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Juliette Love, Matt Stevens, and Lazaro Gamio, &#8220;Where Americans Can Vote by Mail in the 2020 Elections,&#8221; nytimes.com, August 14, 2020<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> and a total of 36 states plus DC allowed some form of ballot collection.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ballotpedia, &#8220;Ballot Harvesting (Ballot Collection) Laws by State,&#8221; ballotpedia.org, accessed on June 21, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> In 25 of those states and DC, the voter could choose anyone to return their ballot. In the remaining 11 states, laws specified that only certain people were allowed to return a ballot on behalf of a voter, such as a family member or caregiver.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ballotpedia, &#8220;Ballot Harvesting (Ballot Collection) Laws by State,&#8221; ballotpedia.org, accessed on June 21, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>     <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Supporters of ballot collection argue that it enfranchises low-income, rural, elderly, and infirm voters who either work multiple jobs, do not have a reliable mail service, or can&#8217;t easily access transportation to get to the polls.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">John Fritze, &#8220;Supreme Court Upholds Arizona Ban on Ballot Collection as States Race to Pass Voting Restrictions,&#8221; eu.usatoday.com, July 1, 2021<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ballotpedia, &#8220;Arguments for and Against Ballot Harvesting\/Ballot Collection,&#8221; ballotpedia.org, accessed on June 21, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Native American Rights Fund, &#8220;Opposition to the Ban on So-Called &#8216;Ballot Harvesting&#8217;,&#8221; narf.org, March 5, 2019<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> It is argued that restrictions on the submission of ballots would discourage people from voting<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[14]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Henry H. Brechter, &#8220;Illegal Ballot Harvesting Caused a Do-Over House Election in North Carolina. What Are the Pros and Cons?, allsides.com, September 10, 2019<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> and undermine a civil right.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[15]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Henry H. Brechter, &#8220;Illegal Ballot Harvesting Caused a Do-Over House Election in North Carolina. What Are the Pros and Cons?, allsides.com, September 10, 2019<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Opponents of ballot harvesting argue that it increases the possibility of voter fraud such as the failure to deliver collected ballots<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[16]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Alexandra Popke, Haley Schwab, and Christopher Wan, \u201cBallot Collection Laws and Litigation,\u201d lawfareblog.com, October 22, 2020<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> or repeated votes using out-of-date registrations,<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[17]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Katy Grimes, \u201cU.S. Supreme Court Overrules 9th Circuit on Ballot Harvesting,\u201d californiaglobe.com, July 6, 2021<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> voter intimidation or coercion, and other illegal activities.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[18]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Henry H. Brechter, \u201cIllegal Ballot Harvesting Caused a Do-Over House Election in North Carolina. What Are the Pros and Cons?, allsides.com, September 10, 2019<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[19]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">John Fritze, \u201cSupreme Court Upholds Arizona Ban on Ballot Collection as States Race to Pass Voting Restrictions,\u201d eu.usatoday.com, July 1, 2021<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Opponents also claim there is an increased chance of damage to ballots being collected compared to those filled out in the polling station.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[20]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">National Conference of State Legislatures, &#8220;Voting Outside the Polling Place: Absentee, All-Mail and other Voting at Home Options,&#8221; ncsl.org, March 15, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>    <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to a July 2020 Pew Research Center study, 65% of Americans supported early or absentee voting without needing to give a reason, while 60% of Americans said that &#8220;changing election rules to make it easier to register and vote would not make elections any less secure,&#8221; versus 37% who thought it would.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[21]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Vianney G\u00f3mez and Bradley Jones, \u201cAs COVID-19 Cases Increase, Most Americans Support \u2018No Excuse\u2019 Absentee Voting,\u201d pewresearch.org, July 20, 2020<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"allegations\">II. Allegations of Illegal Ballot Harvesting in 2020<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Dinesh D\u2019Souza, conservative commentator and film maker, in conjunction with True the Vote, a Texas-based conservative organization, released a film titled <em>2000 Mules<\/em> in May 2022. The film alleged large scale voter fraud in excess of 400,000 illegal votes \u201charvested\u201d by 2,000 ballot \u201cmules.\u201d True the Vote said it cross-referenced &#8220;geospatial information and ballot drop box surveillance video from counties and cities in Georgia, Arizona, Wisconsin, Michigan and Pennsylvania &#8230; to determine who visited drop box location zones multiple times.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[22]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bill McCarthy and Amy Sherman, \u201cThe Faulty Premise of the \u20182,000 Mules\u2019 Trailer About Voting by Mail in the 2020 Election,\u201d politifact.com, October 20, 2020<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The film made the following claims as evidence of ballot harvesting:<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[23]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Reuters Fact Check, &#8220;Fact Check-Does \u20182000 Mules\u2019 Provide Evidence of Voter Fraud in the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election?,&#8221; reuters.com, May 27, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>2,000 ballot &#8220;mules&#8221; were hired to illegally submit potentially fake absentee ballots, including 242 people in Georgia, 200+ in Arizona, 100 in Wisconsin, 500+ in Michigan, and 1,000+ in Pennsylvania.<\/li><li>&#8220;Mules&#8221; were hired by unnamed non-profit organizations and paid $10 for each fake ballot they submitted.<\/li><li>Approximately 400,000 illegal ballots were collected to the benefit of Joe Biden.<\/li><li>By tracking cell phone locations to non-profits and drop boxes, &#8220;mules&#8221; could be identified.<\/li><li>The geospatial information used to track cell phone locations has the reliability of a fingerprint and is accurate to between 12 and 18 inches.<\/li><li>Surveillance videos provide visual proof of illegal ballot collection.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[24]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Robert Farley, &#8220;Evidence Gaps in \u20182000 Mules\u2019,&#8221; factcheck.org, June 10, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Nonpartisan fact checks have disputed the findings in the film:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>All states covered in the film either explicitly or implicitly permit third-parties to submit absentee or mail-in ballots on behalf of another voter (see Section III). In Georgia, investigators concluded that in three cases, video evidence of allegedly illegal activity in the film actually showed people legally dropping off ballots.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_25');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[25]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Robert Farley, &#8220;Evidence Gaps in \u20182000 Mules\u2019,&#8221; factcheck.org, June 10, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>   <\/li><li>There is no evidence in the film showing that any of the 400,000 allegedly &#8220;harvested&#8221; ballots were fraudulent,<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_26');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_26');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[26]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_26\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Robert Farley, &#8220;Evidence Gaps in \u20182000 Mules\u2019,&#8221; factcheck.org, June 10, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> and the process to falsify a ballot is so complex as to make the numbers claimed very unlikely, according to experts.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_27');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_27');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[27]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_27\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Reuters Fact Check, &#8220;Fact Check-Does \u20182000 Mules\u2019 Provide Evidence of Voter Fraud in the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election?,&#8221; reuters.com, May 27, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>  <\/li><li>Drop boxes and non-profit offices tend to be in high traffic, busy areas, so it&#8217;s likely that people moved past them as part of their daily routines, not to submit ballots. Additionally, some of the people tracked and named as &#8220;mules&#8221; may have been election officials carrying out their due diligence.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_28');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_28');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[28]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_28\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Reuters Fact Check, &#8220;Fact Check-Does \u20182000 Mules\u2019 Provide Evidence of Voter Fraud in the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election?,&#8221; reuters.com, May 27, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_28').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_28', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> <\/li><li>The accuracy of geospacial location data from cell phones &#8220;varies widely based on numerous factors&nbsp;that include signal strength, the type of cellphone being used, and atmospheric conditions like whether the cellphone is in a dense urban area or not.&#8221;<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_29');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_29');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[29]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_29\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Robert Farley, &#8220;Evidence Gaps in \u20182000 Mules\u2019,&#8221; factcheck.org, June 10, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_29').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_29', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>  Research from Purdue University and AT&amp;T predicts that average geospacial location error is between 2 and 10+ meters, not 12 and 18 inches, as claimed in the film.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_30');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_30');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[30]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_30\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Reuters Fact Check, &#8220;Fact Check-Does \u20182000 Mules\u2019 Provide Evidence of Voter Fraud in the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election?,&#8221; reuters.com, May 27, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_30').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_30', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/li><li>The video footage of drop boxes used in the movie does not show people returning ballots to multiple locations, an omission that D&#8217;Souza said was due to grainy footage or lack of surveillance.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_31');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_31');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[31]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_31\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Robert Farley, &#8220;Evidence Gaps in \u20182000 Mules\u2019,&#8221; factcheck.org, June 10, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_31').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_31', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Positive Response<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Donald Trump encouraged people to see <em>2000 Mules<\/em>. &#8220;Every American must see this movie. It&#8217;s the most important political documentary ever made, because it reveals with irrefutable proof what really happened in the 2020 Election,&#8221; Trump wrote in a statement on his website.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_32');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_32');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[32]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_32\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Donald Trump, &#8220;Statement by Donald J. Trump, 45th President of the United States of America,&#8221; donaldjtrump.com, May 11, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_32').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_32', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Trump had previously issued a <a href=\"https:\/\/abouttrump.org\/2018\/05\/31\/5-31-2018-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">pardon for D&#8217;Souza<\/a>, who was convicted of making illegal campaign contributions in a 2012 Senate race.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_33');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_33');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[33]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_33\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jordan Fabian, &#8220;President Trump Pardons Dinesh D\u2019Souza,&#8221; thehill.com, May 31, 2018<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_33').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_33', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to a June 2022 survey of 1,000 likely US voters by Rasmussen Reports, 77% of those who have seen the film say that it \u201cstrengthened their conviction that there was systematic and widespread election fraud in the 2020 election\u201d including 85% of Republicans, 68% of Democrats and 77% of unaffiliated voters.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_34');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_34');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[34]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_34\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Rasmussen Reports, \u201c\u20182000 Mules\u2019: Documentary\u2019s Message Resonates With Voters,\u201d rasmussenreports.com, June 3, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_34').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_34', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In response to the allegations of illegal ballot harvesting flagged in this film, 17 Republican lawmakers in Michigan are calling for the Attorney General to investigate offenses committed in their state.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_35');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_35');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[35]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_35\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ben Orner, &#8220;17 Michigan Lawmakers Want AG to Investigate Debunked \u201c2000 Mules\u201d Claims,&#8221; mmlive.com, June 16, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_35').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_35', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Critical Response<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Bill Barr, former US Attorney General under Donald Trump and George H.W. Bush, said that <em>2000 Mules<\/em> is &#8220;singularly unimpressive &#8230; If you take 2 million cell phones and figure out where they are physically in a big city like Atlanta or wherever, just by definition, you will find many hundreds of them have passed by and spent time in the vicinity of these boxes,&#8230; [the photographic evidence] is lacking. It doesn&#8217;t establish widespread illegal harvesting.&#8221;<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_36');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_36');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[36]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_36\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jon Greenberg, Bill McCarthy, and Amy Sherman, &#8220;Former AG Bill Barr Discredited the \u20182,000 Mules\u2019 Voter Fraud Film in a Jan. 6 Hearing,&#8221; poynter.org, June 15, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_36').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_36', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sara Tindall Ghazal, Georgia State Election Board member, said, \u201cthe analysis is flawed and the assertions there are wholly unsupported by any evidence that I have been provided. &#8230; Aside from individual, isolated instances that I can count on one hand, with fingers to spare, I\u2019ve seen no credible evidence of any organized effort of unauthorized persons delivering ballots, let alone widespread invalid votes being cast.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_37');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_37');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_37\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[37]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_37\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Robert Farley, &#8220;Evidence Gaps in \u20182000 Mules\u2019,&#8221; factcheck.org, June 10, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_37').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_37', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"centerheader wp-block-heading\" id=\"laws\">III. Election Results and Drop Box Laws in Five States<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table centerheader\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>A.<br>State<\/th><th>B.<br>Election Result<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_38');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_38');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_38\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[38]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_38\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">New York Times, &#8220;Presidential Election Results: Biden Wins,&#8221; nytimes.com (accessed June 20, 2022)<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_38').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_38', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/th><th>C.<br>Who May Return Absentee\/Mail-in Ballot?<\/th><th>D.<br>Drop Box Laws<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_39');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_39');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_39\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[39]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_39\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">National Conference of State Legislatures, &#8220;Table 9: Ballot Drop Box Laws,&#8221; ncsl.org, February 14, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_39').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_39', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1. <strong>Arizona<\/strong> <\/td><td>Biden: 1,672,143<br>Trump: 1,661,686<br><br>Biden won by 10,457 votes (0.31%)<\/td><td>Absentee ballots may be returned by a family member, household member, or caregiver of the voter. Anyone else who collects marked or unmarked ballots is guilty of a class 6 felony<br><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/BallotHarvesting\/AZ-16-1005.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ARS Rev Stat \u00a7 16-1005<\/a><\/td><td>Must be clear and visibly marked in a secure location accessible to all. All boxes should have an opening slot that is not large enough for deposited ballots to be removed through it <br><br>See the <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/BallotHarvesting\/AZ-2021_EPM.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Arizona Election Procedures Manual<\/a> for more information.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2. <strong>Georgia<\/strong> <\/td><td>Biden: 2,473,633<br>Trump: 2,461,854<br><br>Biden won by 11,779 votes (0.24%)<\/td><td>The absentee ballot of a physically disabled voter may be returned by an adult family member or household member.<br><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/BallotHarvesting\/GA-21-2-385.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">GA Code \u00a7 21-2-385<\/a><\/td><td>At least one drop box per county, under constant surveillance, clearly labeled and with signage detailing who is allowed to return absentee ballots. Opening slot shall not allow ballots to be tampered with or removed and shall be designed to minimize the ability for liquid or other substances that&nbsp;may damage ballots to be poured in<br><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/casetext.com\/statute\/code-of-georgia\/title-21-elections\/chapter-2-elections-and-primaries-generally\/article-10-absentee-voting\/section-21-2-382-additional-buildings-as-additional-registrars-office-or-place-of-registration-for-receiving-absentee-ballots-and-for-advance-voting-drop-boxes\" target=\"_blank\">Ga. Code \u00a7 21-2-382<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3. <strong>Michigan<\/strong><\/td><td>Biden: 2,804,040<br>Trump: 2,649,852<br><br>Biden won by 154,188 votes (2.83%)<\/td><td>Absent voter ballots may be returned by family members or household members. The clerk who issued the ballot may pick it up upon request.<br><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/BallotHarvesting\/MI-168-764a.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">MI Law \u00a7 168.764a<\/a><\/td><td>Drop boxes may be offered, must be in a public, well-lit area, clearly labeled and secured to prevent removal of deposited ballots or the box itself. Must be equipped with a single slot or mailbox-style lever and be under video surveillance<br><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/BallotHarvesting\/MI-168.761d.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">M.C.L.A. 168.761d<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/BallotHarvesting\/MI-168-764a.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">168.764a<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4. <strong>Pennsylvania<\/strong> <\/td><td>Biden: 3,459,923<br>Trump: 3,378,263<br><br>Biden won by 81,660 votes (1.19%)<\/td><td>A voter with a disability may designate in writing a person to return their absentee ballot. The law says that &#8220;a single person may serve as the authorized representative for multiple qualified electors,&#8221; but the <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/BallotHarvesting\/PA-Authorize-Designated-Agent-for-Mail-in-or-Absentee-Ballot.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">designated agent form<\/a> says a person may only be designated by one household.<br><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/BallotHarvesting\/PA-3146.2a.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">25 Pa. Stat. \u00a7 3146.2a<\/a><\/td><td>Drop boxes were first permitted prior to the 2020 election but there are no explicit statutory provisions<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_40');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_40');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_40\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[40]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_40\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See also: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/BallotHarvesting\/PA-PADPvBoockvar.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pennsylvania Democratic Party et al., v. Kathy Boockvar, et al.<\/a><\/em> for more information<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_40').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_40', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>  <br><br><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5. <strong>Wisconsin<\/strong> <\/td><td>Biden: 1,630,866<br>Trump: 1,610,184<br><br>Biden won by 20,682 votes (0.64%)<\/td><td>The law does not specify whether someone other than the voter may return the absentee ballot, but it does say &#8220;The envelope shall be mailed by the elector, or delivered in person, to the municipal clerk issuing the ballot or ballots.&#8221;<br><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/BallotHarvesting\/WI-6.87.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">W.S.A. 6.87<\/a><\/td><td>Use is permitted but there are no explicit statutory provisions<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_41');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_41');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_41\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[41]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_41\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">See also: Democracy Docket, &#8220;Wisconsin Drop Boxes: The Republicans\u2019 Latest Attack,&#8221; democracydocket.com, April 11, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_41').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_41', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"legislation\">IV. Ballot Collection Legislation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Two states took differing approaches to ballot collection in 2016. In California, Governor Jerry Brown (D) signed <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/BallotHarvesting\/CA-20150AB1921_95.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Assembly Bill 1921<\/a>, making it legal for any person to collect and submit a mail-in ballot so long as they do not receive any compensation per number of ballots collected; previously only family members of the voter could collect and submit a ballot. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By contrast, Arizona enacted <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/BallotHarvesting\/AZ-hb2023h.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">House Bill 2023<\/a>, stating that \u201cany person who knowingly collects voted or unvoted early ballots from another person is guilty of a class 6 felony,\u201d unless they are a family member, household member, or caregiver of the voter. In 2020, a federal appeals court struck down the law, deeming it in violation of the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/BallotHarvesting\/VotingRightsAct.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Voting Rights Act<\/a><\/em> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/BallotHarvesting\/15thAmendment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">15th Amendment<\/a> and ruling that it had an unequal impact on minority voters.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_42');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_42');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_42\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[42]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_42\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jessica Lusamba, \u201cFederal Appeals Court Rejects Arizona Ballot Collection Law,\u201d jurist.org, January 28, 2020<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_42').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_42', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> In 2021, the US Supreme Court reinstated the law in a 6-3 opinion, \u201cdeclaring that unequal impact on minorities in this context was relatively minor, that other states have similar laws and that states don\u2019t have to wait for fraud to occur before enacting laws to prevent it.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_43');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_43');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_43\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[43]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_43\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Nina Totenberg, \u201cThe Supreme Court Deals A New Blow To Voting Rights, Upholding Arizona Restrictions,\u201d npr.org, July 1, 2021<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_43').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_43', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, some states enacted provisions to aid participation in elections. In Nevada, for example, mail-in voting was extended to all voters to help them vote safely during the pandemic. In 2021, these provisions were made permanent under <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/BallotHarvesting\/NV-AB321_EN.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Assembly Bill 321<\/a> and permitted \u201ca person authorized by the voter\u201d to \u201creturn the mail ballot on behalf of the voter by mail or personal delivery to the county clerk, or any ballot drop box.\u201d<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_44');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_44');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_44\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[44]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_44\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Nevada State Assembly, \u201cAssembly Bill No. 321\u201d leg.state.nv.us, 2021<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_44').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_44', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The US House of Representatives passed (220-210) <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/BallotHarvesting\/HR1-ForThePeopleAct.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">H.R.1 \u2013 For the People Act 2021<\/a> in 2021, enacting provisions that &#8220;would ensure that every voter could designate a third party to return \u2018a voted and sealed absentee ballot to the post office, a ballot drop-off location, tribally designated building, or election office\u2019 as long as the third-party person or group \u2018does not receive any form of compensation\u2019 for doing so.&#8221;<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_45');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_45');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_45\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[45]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_45\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">No Labels, \u201cFive Facts on Vote \u2018Harvesting\u2019 in the US, realclearpolicy.com, January 14, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_45').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_45', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> The bill was sent to the Senate but failed on a 50-50 vote that was then blocked further by a Republican filibuster.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_46');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_46');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_46\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[46]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_46\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Brian Slodysko, Christina A. Cassidy, and Lisa Mascaro, \u201cGOP Filibuster Blocks Democrats\u2019 Big Voting Rights Bill,\u201d apnews.com, June 23, 2021<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_46').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_46', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After Trump\u2019s election loss in 2020, the idea that voting by mail and ballot harvesting were culpable for widespread voter fraud led some states to place restrictions on third-party ballot collection, for example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Iowa<\/strong> \u2013 Governor Kim Reynolds (R) signed <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/BallotHarvesting\/IOWA-SF568.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Senate File 568<\/a> restricting ballot collection for submission on behalf of another voter to two ballots per person per election;<\/li><li><strong>Kentucky<\/strong> \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/BallotHarvesting\/KENTUCKY-HB574_EN-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">House Bill 574<\/a> was enacted. While this bill extends access to early voting, creates new voting centers, and increases mail-in and absentee ballot provisions, it also bans community collection of ballots, meaning only family members, household members, or caregivers, can submit a ballot on behalf of another voter;<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_47');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_47');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_47\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[47]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_47\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Democracy Docket, \u201cKentucky\u2019s Democratic Governor Signs Pro-Voting Legislation,\u201d democracydocket.com, April 8, 2021<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_47').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_47', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/li><li><strong>Wisconsin<\/strong> \u2013 the state Supreme Court ruled (4-3) in favor of a ban on the use of drop boxes and ballot return assistance (ballot collection and submission on behalf of another voter) to start during the state\u2019s local 2022 spring elections.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_48');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_48');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_48\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[48]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_48\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Zach Montellaro, \u201cWisconsin State Supreme Court Lets Ban on Drop Boxes Go Into Effect for Spring Election,\u201d politico.com, February 11, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_48').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_48', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_49');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_49');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_49\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[49]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_49\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Law Forward, \u201cDrop Box Update,\u201d lawforward.org, accessed on June 22, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_49').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_49', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Similar bills have been proposed by Republicans in Idaho and Utah, and a Republican petition initiative is seeking to repeal the 2021 extension of voting by mail and ballot collection provisions in Nevada.<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_50');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_50');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_50\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[50]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_50\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Democracy Docket, \u201cIdaho Republicans Introduce Voter ID Law and Ballot Collection Ban,\u201d democracydocket.com, February 16, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_50').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_50', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_51');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_51');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_51\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[51]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_51\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Democracy Docket, \u201cUtah Republicans Introduce Bill to Limit Voting and Repeal Mail-In Voting System,\u201d democracydocket.com, February 16, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_51').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_51', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_52');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_7331_1('footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_52');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_52\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[52]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_52\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Democracy Docket, \u201cA Tale of Two Ballot Initiatives,\u201d democracydocket.com, February 24, 2022<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_52').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_7331_1_52', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_7331_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_7331_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_7331_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_7331_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_1');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_7');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">US Election Assistance Commission, &#8220;Glossary of Election Terminology,&#8221; eac.gov, July 16, 2021<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Luis Gomez, &#8220;What Is \u2018Ballot Harvesting\u2019 and How Was It Used in California Elections?&#8221; sandiegouniontribune.com, December 4, 2018<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Democracy Docket, &#8220;The Vilification of Community Ballot Collection, deomocracydocket.com, April 26, 2022<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Amber Phillips, \u201cWhat Is Ballot \u2018Harvesting,\u2019 and Why Is Trump So Against It?,\u201d washingtonpost.com, May 26, 2020<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mike Caulfield, Kayla Duskin, Stephen Prochaska, Scott Philips Johnson, Annie Denton, Zarine Kharazian, and Kate Starbird, \u201cThe Rise of \u201cTrafficking\u201d Language in Ballot Collection Narratives,\u201d cip.uw.edu, April 30, 2022<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Amy Sherman, \u201cWhat Is Ballot Harvesting, and Why Is Trump Tweeting About It During an Election-year Pandemic?,\u201d politifact.com, May 29, 2020<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Juliette Love, Matt Stevens, and Lazaro Gamio, &#8220;Where Americans Can Vote by Mail in the 2020 Elections,&#8221; nytimes.com, August 14, 2020<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_9');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_10');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ballotpedia, &#8220;Ballot Harvesting (Ballot Collection) Laws by State,&#8221; ballotpedia.org, accessed on June 21, 2022<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">John Fritze, &#8220;Supreme Court Upholds Arizona Ban on Ballot Collection as States Race to Pass Voting Restrictions,&#8221; eu.usatoday.com, July 1, 2021<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ballotpedia, &#8220;Arguments for and Against Ballot Harvesting\/Ballot Collection,&#8221; ballotpedia.org, accessed on June 21, 2022<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Native American Rights Fund, &#8220;Opposition to the Ban on So-Called &#8216;Ballot Harvesting&#8217;,&#8221; narf.org, March 5, 2019<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_14');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_15');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Henry H. Brechter, &#8220;Illegal Ballot Harvesting Caused a Do-Over House Election in North Carolina. What Are the Pros and Cons?, allsides.com, September 10, 2019<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Alexandra Popke, Haley Schwab, and Christopher Wan, \u201cBallot Collection Laws and Litigation,\u201d lawfareblog.com, October 22, 2020<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_17');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_17\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Katy Grimes, \u201cU.S. Supreme Court Overrules 9th Circuit on Ballot Harvesting,\u201d californiaglobe.com, July 6, 2021<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_18');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_18\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Henry H. Brechter, \u201cIllegal Ballot Harvesting Caused a Do-Over House Election in North Carolina. What Are the Pros and Cons?, allsides.com, September 10, 2019<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_19');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_19\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">John Fritze, \u201cSupreme Court Upholds Arizona Ban on Ballot Collection as States Race to Pass Voting Restrictions,\u201d eu.usatoday.com, July 1, 2021<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_20');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_20\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">National Conference of State Legislatures, &#8220;Voting Outside the Polling Place: Absentee, All-Mail and other Voting at Home Options,&#8221; ncsl.org, March 15, 2022<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_21');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_21\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Vianney G\u00f3mez and Bradley Jones, \u201cAs COVID-19 Cases Increase, Most Americans Support \u2018No Excuse\u2019 Absentee Voting,\u201d pewresearch.org, July 20, 2020<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_22');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_22\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bill McCarthy and Amy Sherman, \u201cThe Faulty Premise of the \u20182,000 Mules\u2019 Trailer About Voting by Mail in the 2020 Election,\u201d politifact.com, October 20, 2020<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_23\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_23');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_27\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_27');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_28\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_28');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_30\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_30');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Reuters Fact Check, &#8220;Fact Check-Does \u20182000 Mules\u2019 Provide Evidence of Voter Fraud in the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election?,&#8221; reuters.com, May 27, 2022<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_24\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_24');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_25\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_25');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_26\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_26');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_29\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_29');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_31\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_31');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_37\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_37');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>37<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Robert Farley, &#8220;Evidence Gaps in \u20182000 Mules\u2019,&#8221; factcheck.org, June 10, 2022<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_32');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_32\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Donald Trump, &#8220;Statement by Donald J. Trump, 45th President of the United States of America,&#8221; donaldjtrump.com, May 11, 2022<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_33');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_33\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>33<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jordan Fabian, &#8220;President Trump Pardons Dinesh D\u2019Souza,&#8221; thehill.com, May 31, 2018<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_34');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_34\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>34<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Rasmussen Reports, \u201c\u20182000 Mules\u2019: Documentary\u2019s Message Resonates With Voters,\u201d rasmussenreports.com, June 3, 2022<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_35');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_35\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>35<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ben Orner, &#8220;17 Michigan Lawmakers Want AG to Investigate Debunked \u201c2000 Mules\u201d Claims,&#8221; mmlive.com, June 16, 2022<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_36');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_36\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>36<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jon Greenberg, Bill McCarthy, and Amy Sherman, &#8220;Former AG Bill Barr Discredited the \u20182,000 Mules\u2019 Voter Fraud Film in a Jan. 6 Hearing,&#8221; poynter.org, June 15, 2022<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_38');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_38\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>38<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">New York Times, &#8220;Presidential Election Results: Biden Wins,&#8221; nytimes.com (accessed June 20, 2022)<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_39');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_39\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>39<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">National Conference of State Legislatures, &#8220;Table 9: Ballot Drop Box Laws,&#8221; ncsl.org, February 14, 2022<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_40');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_40\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>40<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See also: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/BallotHarvesting\/PA-PADPvBoockvar.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pennsylvania Democratic Party et al., v. Kathy Boockvar, et al.<\/a><\/em> for more information<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_41');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_41\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>41<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">See also: Democracy Docket, &#8220;Wisconsin Drop Boxes: The Republicans\u2019 Latest Attack,&#8221; democracydocket.com, April 11, 2022<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_42');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_42\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>42<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jessica Lusamba, \u201cFederal Appeals Court Rejects Arizona Ballot Collection Law,\u201d jurist.org, January 28, 2020<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_43');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_43\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>43<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Nina Totenberg, \u201cThe Supreme Court Deals A New Blow To Voting Rights, Upholding Arizona Restrictions,\u201d npr.org, July 1, 2021<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_44');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_44\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>44<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Nevada State Assembly, \u201cAssembly Bill No. 321\u201d leg.state.nv.us, 2021<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_45');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_45\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>45<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">No Labels, \u201cFive Facts on Vote \u2018Harvesting\u2019 in the US, realclearpolicy.com, January 14, 2022<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_46');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_46\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>46<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Brian Slodysko, Christina A. Cassidy, and Lisa Mascaro, \u201cGOP Filibuster Blocks Democrats\u2019 Big Voting Rights Bill,\u201d apnews.com, June 23, 2021<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_47');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_47\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>47<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Democracy Docket, \u201cKentucky\u2019s Democratic Governor Signs Pro-Voting Legislation,\u201d democracydocket.com, April 8, 2021<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_48');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_48\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>48<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Zach Montellaro, \u201cWisconsin State Supreme Court Lets Ban on Drop Boxes Go Into Effect for Spring Election,\u201d politico.com, February 11, 2022<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_49');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_49\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>49<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Law Forward, \u201cDrop Box Update,\u201d lawforward.org, accessed on June 22, 2022<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_50');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_50\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>50<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Democracy Docket, \u201cIdaho Republicans Introduce Voter ID Law and Ballot Collection Ban,\u201d democracydocket.com, February 16, 2022<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_51');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_51\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>51<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Democracy Docket, \u201cUtah Republicans Introduce Bill to Limit Voting and Repeal Mail-In Voting System,\u201d democracydocket.com, February 16, 2022<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_7331_1_52');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_7331_1_52\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>52<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Democracy Docket, \u201cA Tale of Two Ballot Initiatives,\u201d democracydocket.com, February 24, 2022<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_7331_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_7331_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_7331_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_7331_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_7331_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_7331_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_7331_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_7331_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_7331_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_7331_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_7331_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_7331_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_7331_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_7331_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Last updated June 2022 Quick Facts: &#8220;Ballot harvesting&#8221; refers to the collection of completed absentee or mail-in ballots by a person or group who return the ballots on behalf of the voters. At the time of the 2020 election, 36 states and DC allowed some form of ballot collection: In 25 states and DC, anyone [&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn btn-secondary understrap-read-more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/ballot-harvesting\/\">Read More&#8230;<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> from Mail-In Ballot Collection (aka Ballot Harvesting)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7331","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mail-In Ballot Collection (aka Ballot Harvesting) - 2020Election<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/ballot-harvesting\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mail-In Ballot Collection (aka Ballot Harvesting) - 2020Election\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Last updated June 2022 Quick Facts: &#8220;Ballot harvesting&#8221; refers to the collection of completed absentee or mail-in ballots by a person or group who return the ballots on behalf of the voters. At the time of the 2020 election, 36 states and DC allowed some form of ballot collection: In 25 states and DC, anyone [...]Read More... from Mail-In Ballot Collection (aka Ballot Harvesting)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/ballot-harvesting\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"2020Election\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-06-28T18:24:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\/the2020election\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/ballot-drop-box.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"14 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\\\/the2020election\\\/ballot-harvesting\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/archive.amarkfoundation.org\\\/the2020election\\\/ballot-harvesting\\\/\",\"name\":\"Mail-In Ballot Collection (aka Ballot Harvesting) - 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